Components of francis turbine the main parts of francis turbine are. Turbines are used in boat propulsion systems, hydroelectric power generators, and jet aircraft engines. This type of turbine is located in the old lowhead installations less than10 m where they are generally in. Mixed flow turbine is also used in irrigation water pumping sets to pump water from ground for irrigation. Pdf final report on design and fabrication of 1 kw pico francis. Pdf this project is aimed to design and fabricate pico francis turbine components for the 2 kw runner provided by ttl. The fluid enters from the penstock to a spiral casing which completely surrounds the runner. Francis turbine working principle, main parts, diagram and. Unesco eolss sample chapters thermal power plants steam turbine components and systems r. Francis turbine is a mixed hydraulic turbine the inlet velocity has radial and tangential components while the kaplan turbine is an axial hydraulic turbinethe inlet velocity has only axial velocity component. It is most efficient hydro turbine we have till date. Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine where static pressure head of water is converted into mechanical energy. Simulating fluid flow through different turbine components separately is today standard proce dure.
The water is admitted to the runner through guide vanes or wicket gates. On the other hand francis and kaplan turbines are reacti. Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine blades making the turbine rotate. Francis in 1849 developed the radial turbine, named francis turbine. Francis 181592 and is named after him as the francis turbine. The spiral casing around the runner of the turbine is known as. Erosion wear on francis turbine components due to sediment. Following are the differences between pelton wheel, francis and kaplan turbine. Francis 1815 1892 an english born inventor who developed the turbine in the year 1849. Turbines are sometimes differentiated on the basis of the type of inlet flow, whether the inlet velocity is in axial direction, radial direction or a combination of both. Development of francis turbine at kathmandu university to. Water is introduced just above the runner and all around it and then falls through, causing it to spin.
A francis turbine consists of the following main parts. The conversion is generally accomplished by passing the fluid through a system of stationary passages or vanes that alternate with passages consisting of finlike blades attached to a rotor. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Multiobjective shape optimization of runner blade for. Pdf parametrical and theoretical design of a francis. Le turbine francis vengono classificate in lente, normali e veloci, in funzione del numero di giri caratteristico, come 1da seguente tabella.
The runner of francis turbine have series of curved vanes, these vanes are designed so that water enters into the runner radially and leaves it in axial direction in case of modern francis turbine but in case of old version simple francis turbine water in and out both in radially. We look at all of the francis turbines main components and use 3d animation to show how it works. Its key characteristic is the fact that water changes direction as it passes through the turbine. It is an inwardflow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. Structural steel carbon steel hsma high strength micro alloy heat treatment steel example. The flow enters the turbine in a radial direction, flowing towards its axis, but after striking and interacting with the turbine blades it exits along the direction of that axis. Most companies would toss worn wicket gates into their bone yards and buy.
Introduction a turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. A radial flow hydraulic turbine of reaction type was first developed by an american engineer, james b. Pelton turbine was developed by lester allan pelton in the year 1870. The francis turbine is a reaction turbine and it was developed by james b francis. A francis turbine has a runner with fixed buckets vanes, usually nine or more. Traditionally, francis turbine has been considered to be a simple and robust machine suitable for exploitation of water energy at a wide range of head, from 30 m up to 750 m. What is the difference between a pelton wheel and the. It is an inward flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow concepts. Hydraulic turbines may be defined as prime movers that transform the. Design, performance and maintenance of francis turbines.
Difference between pelton, francis and kaplan turbines. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. Gas turbine components sgt400 siemens turbomachinery. It was designed by american scientist james francis. Like kaplan turbine, the francis is a reaction machine. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power stations. Guo, pengcheng, luo, xingqi, zheng, xiaobo, and liu, shengzhu. Fluid flow simulation of the entire francis turbine is desirable when spiral casing has nonuniform distribution of the incoming water or when strong interaction between turbine components exists 3. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. Design of large francis turbine using optimal methods iopscience. Cfdbased match design and improving performance for francis turbine components. The computational model consists of spiral casing, 18 numbers of stay vanes and guide vanes, runner having numbers of blades and a draft tube. This design system is applied to a low head francis turbine runner. Francis turbine is characterized by a fixedblade francis runner that is hydraulically optimized for a narrow operating range.
Pdf design analysis of parts of francis turbine researchgate. His design is extremely flexible and can be tailored to different head heights and flow rates. The main idea is to assume steady state uniform conditions. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing. Losses in francis turbines npsh main dimensions francis turbines. Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. The pelton, francis and kaplan turbines are water turbines that are rotary machines which convert kinetic energy and the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy that rotates the shaft to produce electric energy. Francis turbine components of a typical francis turbine are shown in.
Before going into further details, it is important to remind the function of each components of the. The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. The kaplan turbine is located between the highpressure water source and the lowpressure water exit. Francis turbine these wicket gates for a francis turbine, used in the hydroelectric industry, direct high flowing water so it hits the blades of the turbine at the most efficient angle. The francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and developed by the american engineer james b. Besides the runner, the other major components are the scroll case, wicket gates, and draft tube. The francis turbine was developed by james bichens francis around 1855.
The runner is completely enclosed in an airtight spiral casing. Hydraulic turbines are machines which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. It is efficient over a wide range of water head and flow rate. Francis turbine diagram, working, parts, advantages, applications. Gradual removal of the base material has changed the profiles of various components of the turbine and also has weaken its structure. Hydraulic turbineshydraulic turbines raven mechanical. The rated head and discharge for the turbine were 48 m and 7. Hydraulic turbomachinery, such as the francis turbine, encounter severe problems in situations where the body of water it is operated from contains abundant sediment. Analysis have been performed on one of the francis turbine units to predict the effect of sediment particles concentration, size and shape on erosion rate. Francis turbine spiral casing, stay ring and stay vanes materials. Frequent inspections are particularly important during the initial period for operation of a new turbine or new runner, as they will enable cavitation damage to be detected at an early stage and remedial measures to be effected before pitting becomes extensive. With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine. The francis turbine was developed by an american engineer james bichens francis around 1855.
Its complex parameters cause direct effect on the global parameters which change the. They suffer from constant erosion corrosion when they are not protected properly. Hydraulic turbines pdf introduction, classification, impulse and reaction turbine, layout of hydroelectric power plant. A francis turbine consists of the 5 main parts those are. A brief discussion on a the design philosophy during the last 60 years with will be presented. Francis turbine is the most common type of turbine in practice, which presents a sidebyside design of generator. The material with which the spiral casing is made depends upon the head.
Complete francis turbine flow simulation for the whole range of. They operate in a water head from 40 to 600 m to 2,000 ft and are used primarily for electrical power production. The wheel is immersed and operates both the water velocity kinetic energy, that a pressure difference. The francis turbine is the most common water turbine used in today. It is more compact then francis turbine which can run faster and maintains high efficiency. The cfd approach for prediction of efficiency of a 3 mw capacity horizontal axis francis turbine is presented. Svartisen p 350 mw h 543 m q 371,5 m s d 0 4,86 m d 1 4,31m d 2 2,35 m b 0 0,28 m n 333 rpm. It consists of a circular wheel all round the runner of the turbine.
Francis turbine its components, working and application. S erv ices a n d t ra in ing provide technical services and trainings for repair, maintenance and operation of turbines in sediment laden projects. Multiobjective shape optimization of runner blade for kaplan turbine a semenova1, d chirkov2, a lyutov2, s cherny2, v skorospelov3, i pylev1 1 jsc power machines. If the machine transforms mechanical energy into hydraulic energy it.
Parametrical and theoretical design of a francis turbine runner with the help of computational fluid dynamics conference paper pdf available july 2014 with 5,164 reads how we measure reads. Evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine wikipedia. The hydraulic turbines can be classified based on type of energy at the inlet, direction of flow through the vanes, head available at the. Numerical study of sediment erosion analysis in francis. Tu rb i naf c s c s alt oh m grd i ez n lenta 60 100 370 100 0,3 0,4.
The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the guide wheel. Proceedings of the asme 2008 fluids engineering division summer meeting collocated with the heat transfer, energy sustainability, and 3rd energy nanotechnology conferences. Chaplin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss both of these have double casings with the exhaust steam circulating in the annular space between the casings as in the case of the high pressure turbine. Cfdbased match design and improving performance for. Turbine, any of various devices that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy. Gas turbine components sgt400 siemens free download as powerpoint presentation. Based on the specific requirements of the hydropower plant, andritz hydro provides the optimal type of turbine up to 1800 m head and 800 mw. The schematic diagram of a francis turbine is shown in fig. It is used when the head is between 80 to 500 metres. Complete francis turbine flow simulation for the whole.
In francis turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the turbine axially. Obtained results are more accurate because calculation domain contains all cascade channels and no averaging is applied in circumferential direction. Francis turbine is the most widely used turbine in hydropower plants to generate electricity. Pdf erosion wear on francis turbine components due to. The parameters of turbine runner affect the hydraulic performance of turbines.
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